托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编8
阅读题
The Chaco Phenomenon
P1: Between about 900 to 1150 AD, a mysterious Stone Age culture arose, flourished, and then vanished in the semi-desert region of the Southwestern United States. Named the Chaco culture after the canyon in which the principal ruins are found, nearly everything about this ancient society is shrouded in mystery. A truly remarkable transformation in settlement patterns occurred in the San Juan basin in northwestern New Mexico, with small household farmsteads giving way to aggregated communities centered on communal masonry buildings that are now called \\
1.The word \\(B)
A. creating
B. indicating
C. initiating
D. requiring
解析：【词汇题】signifying意为“代表”。
2.The word \\(C)
A. slow down
B. accelerated
C. stopped
D. changed in style
解析：【词汇题】ceased意为“停止”。
3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following provide evidence that the Bonito phase was a time of immense cooperative effort EXCEPT(C)
A. the large amounts of material needed
B. the size of the Pueblo Bonito complex
C. the unusual materials used in construction
D. the distance the materials needed to be transported
解析：【否定事实信息题】其他三个选项文中均有对应信息，只有C文中未提及。
4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A)
A. Researchers have tried to establish why an area as dry as Chaco was the site of such large construction efforts.
B. Researchers have tried to establish whether the concentration of massive construction projects in a brief period of time made Chaco the dry area that it is today.
C. Researchers have established that Chaco’s brief growing season required a concentration of labor to produce large quantities of food in a short period of time.
D. Researchers have established that the hot, dry climate of Chaco forced workers to complete construction on large buildings in short periods of time.
解析：【句子简化题】原文是个带宾语从句的复杂句，主干为research has focused on determining why…。只有A选项在句子主干和句意上与此相符。
5.According to paragraph 2, before 1970, scholars believed that Chacoan society collapsed because(B)
A. Chaco never had the forests that were needed for the development of a stable agricultural economy.
B. farmers used up the natural resources in Chaco that had originally allowed the society to succeed.
C. Chaco suffered a long-term drought that prevented farmers from growing enough food.
D. laborers left Chaco to find other work after they finished building the great houses there.
解析：【事实信息题】倒数第2句提到“…fell victim to their own success and exuberance，as they…”，因此答案为B。
6.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the pre-1970s theory about the Chaco Phenomenon(C)
A. was based on the widespread farm and tool remains found by archaeologists on the site.
B. was largely reinforced by findings in the 1980s.
C. was not supported by substantial evidence.
D. was so strong that it went unchallenged for many decades.
解析：【推断题】末句提到“Yet there is no substantial evidence,…”，因此答案为C。
7.According to paragraph 3, why did scientists change their view about the cause of the collapse of Chacoan society?(A)
A. They found evidenc
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