托福（阅读）模拟试卷23
阅读题
THE COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE
(1) Cosmologists attempt to understand the origin and structure of the universe as a whole. They begin their search with an assumption about the nature of the universe—namely, that in looking out from our vantage point in the cosmos, we see essentially the same kind of universe that an observer stationed in any other part of it, no matter how remote, would see. As far as our telescopes can reach, we see galaxies and clusters of galaxies distributed in more or less the same way in every direction. This assumption that the universe is uniform on a large scale is called \\
1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. [Para. 1](A)
A. Cosmologists make the assumption that the universe would appear basically the same from anywhere within it.
B. Cosmologists simplify their assumptions because they are basically trying to understand the whole universe.
C. Cosmologists make an assumption about the universe basically in an effort to avoid stationing observers in remote places.
D. Cosmologists incorrectly assumed the universe to be far simpler than it really is when viewed on a larger scale.
解析：A项“宇宙学家假设，无论在哪个地方，宇宙看起来基本一样”正确。选项中Cosmologists make the assumption对应原文中They begin their search with an assumption. 选项中the universe would appear basically the same是原文中we see essentially the same kind of universe的近义表达，from anywhere within it则对应an observer stationed in any other part of it. B项“宇宙学家简化假设，因为从根本上来说他们想了解整个宇宙”中的simplify their assumptions没有原文依据。C项“宇宙学家对宇宙做出假设，基本上是为了避免让观测者在偏远地区进行观测”中的avoid stationing observers in remote places与原文中的an observer stationed in any other part of it不符。D项“宇宙学家错误地认为从更大范围来看，宇宙比实际要简单得多”中的incorrectly assumed，far simpler没有原文依据。
2.According to paragraph 2, what is true of both the evolutionary and steady-state theories?(D)
A. Both were based on the work of the same observer of the galaxies.
B. Both were used to overturn the theories of the early twentieth century.
C. Both took 30 years to become widely accepted by cosmologists.
D. Both accommodate the fact that the galaxies are moving apart.
解析：题目询问第2段中关于进化理论和恒稳态理论，下列哪个说法正确。第2段第2句指出我们观测到遥远的星系在彼此远离，第3句进一步指出宇宙膨胀（the expansion of the universe）是宇宙学理论要调整的主要依据，注意此处的the expansion of the universe指上一句中的distant galaxies are moving away。第4句表明，进化理论和恒稳态理论与宇宙膨胀相符合。也就是说，这两派观点有相同的地方，即宇宙在膨胀，故选D项“都考虑到星系正在分开的事实”。A项“都基于同一星系观测者的研究”中的the same observer、B项“都被用来推翻20世纪初的理论”中的overturn和C项“都经过了30年才被宇宙学家广泛接受”中的took 30 years，widely accepted都属于无中生有。
3.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a feature of the Big Bang cosmology?(C)
A. A sudden, hot explosion of the universe
B. A reduction in the density of matter over time
C. A significant rise in temperature over time
D. An expansion of the universe
解析：题目询问根据第3段的描述，以下哪项不是大爆炸宇宙学的特征。第3段倒数第2句提到，随着爆炸的持续，温度下降（temperature dropped），C项“温度随时间的推移大幅上升”中的significant rise in temperature与原文不符，故为答案。A项“宇宙突然发生热爆炸”与该段the universe came into existence in a hot，violent explosion相对应。B项“随着时间的推移物质密度降低”是该段第3句中the distribution of matter and energy thinned的近义表达。D项“宇宙膨胀”属于大爆炸宇宙学的特征。
4.Why does the author state that \\(B)
A. To present evidence against th
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